More than 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa lack access to electricity; 71 million in Kenya and Tanzania alone. Without any other options, these citizens are forced to either go without power or use kerosene, an expensive and oftentimes dangerous fuel that pollutes the air and creates fire hazards.
But there is a solution that could bring affordable electricity to unserved and underserved populations while growing the local economy: pay-as-you-go solar.
New Mobile and Solar Technology Makes Access to Basic Electricity Possible
In a “pay-as-you-go” (PAYG) business model, a company essentially rents consumers a solar home system that comes with a battery, a charge controller, a solar panel, LED bulbs and a mobile charger. Basic systems have enough power to charge phones and lights, and larger ones could power small appliances like radios or TVs. Consumers use basic mobile phones – widespread in East Africa – to make payments on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.
Through this model, companies can minimize the cost of collections by automating the receipt of payments, while remote rural customers get immediate access to basic electricity without having to take out a loan. A grid expansion project, while it may provide power to bigger appliances, can take years and significant investment to reach a rural or low-income community.
More Local Capital Needed to Grow the Clean Energy Economy
PAYG entrepreneurs now service about 500,000 households in Kenya and Tanzania, but they represent only four or five companies, most of which are owned, managed and financed by foreign investors. This is a missed opportunity—both for citizens and for local businesses.
WRI’s new issue brief finds that 52 private sector organizations—which includes foundations, impact funds, venture capital funds and companies—have invested in PAYG companies in East Africa. However, local commercial banks are still not lending to these businesses because of the perceived risk of this new model. As a result, local entrepreneurs can’t access the capital they need to get started. Public finance from development finance institutions (DFIs) like the African Development Bank, Green Climate Fund or KfW could play a key role in growing the PAYG solar industry.
DFIs have long relationships and active lines of credit with banks throughout Kenya and Tanzania, so they can spur commercial banks to make debt capital available in the local currency to entrepreneurs. Their involvement could include providing guarantee schemes or lines of credit to local banks, channeling investments through impact investors, or investing in PAYG companies’ marketing and distribution strategies, among other initiatives.
Bangladesh Shows What’s Possible
We’ve already seen the success of using international development capital to finance energy access through national institutions in Bangladesh.
Investments of $750 million from DFIs helped deploy more than 3 million solar home systems to rural communities in Bangladesh between 2003 and 2014, bringing power to 13 million people who never had it before. Bangladesh’s government set up an agency, the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), to channel DFI finance to the renewable energy sector. Initially designed by the World Bank, the program now has 40 partner organizations, including local entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations and companies. Besides finance, IDCOL also performed other important functions to grow a lasting energy market: setting technical standards for products; certifying vendors; prioritizing areas for solar installation; and employing quality inspectors and field auditors.
To date, Bangladesh is the only country where solar home systems have reached a large percentage of the population. Now that solar panel prices have fallen and the PAYG model has emerged, the opportunity for scale in other developing countries has increased.
Affordably Electrifying Africa
The demand is there, and the business opportunity is ripe. Once commercial banks start lending to entrepreneurs in Kenya and Tanzania, the PAYG model can help build the local clean energy economy and bring electricity to even the most rural communities.
